joint(Deformed joints, folk name - deposition of salt) is a chronic disease, a joint disease - disease in which joint cartilage, damage to joint capsules and deformation of the bone itself occurs.
It should be noted that arthritis is a group of joint diseases with different origins and tight developmental mechanisms.The most common is arthritis in large joints:
- Deformed joints of knee joints (promoting joints),
- Hip deformed joint (Coksartrosis),
- and arthritis of the shoulder joint.
These are the most severe types of joints.
Arthritis of the small joints is less common.In most cases, the joints of the hands are deformed and the joints of the palm of the thumb.The patient noted pain in the internet joints, reduced mobility, and appearance near seals (nodules of Geberden and Bushar).This type of arthritis is more common in old age.Arthritis of the foot joint usually occurs.
Multiple or generalized arthritis is characterized by damage to several joints at a time.
jointThe joints of the spine - spondylitis - belong to the group of spinal diseases, although it has similar developmental mechanisms to other joints.
The main clinical symptom of arthritis is joint pain and its mobility is reduced.The specific symptoms depend on the joint stage and the degree of destructive changes in the joint.
Causes of joints
jointHabits are divided into primary and secondary.Primary (idiopathic) articulation is the result of a violation of the recovery process and increases the degeneration of the articular cartilage tissue without any deviation in the work of the entire organism.Secondary articulation occurs due to other pathological processes in the body or joints that have been damaged by any external effects, and the joints are partially damaged and partially destroy the joint surface.
Most commonly, traumatic arthritis is diagnosed in younger patients.In older patients, it is far from possible to define obvious boundaries in primary and secondary joints.
Although the exact cause of arthritis cannot be determined, the factors that cause the occurrence and development are well known.
The following types of causes that contribute to the development of primary deformed joints can be distinguished.
The main causes of jointness are genetic factors
The following hereditary diseases have been identified that may lead to the development of major arthritis:
- Genetic diseases in the composition of articular cartilage tissues, causing their accelerated destruction;
- Congenital defects in the musculoskeletal system (joints, dysplasia, flat feet and other high animals), which are the causes of trauma in certain parts of the articular cartilage tissue, and the result is the emergence of arthritis.
It was also noted that the deformed articity of the interbrain joints of the upper limbs is mainly in women and is inherited by the female line.
Causes of secondary joints
Secondary jointness is the result of joint damage.These damages may be caused by various factors.
- Mechanical damage to the joints.This set of factors includes various joint injuries, intra-articular fractures, and therefore the joint structure is disturbed.The same result is caused by constant microquantization of the joint due to constant loads (eg, in athletes).In addition, obesity can lead to overload and trauma.
Another factor that negatively affects the joints (mainly in the hips) is incorrect posture.
The structure of the joint can also disrupt surgical intervention. - Joint disease.Arthritis may be the result of arthritis disease (acute and chronic arthritis, synovitis, primary sterile necrosis of bone tissue, etc.).
- It violates metabolism, endocrine system diseases, and lack of minerals in the body.Various diseases of metabolism, lack of calcium, phosphorus and other minerals, vitamins and trace elements can lead to changes in bone and cartilage composition, synovial fluid, which can lead to invasion of the recovery process and the gradual destruction of the composition.
- Autoimmune diseases(Gout, calcification of chondrome, heme disease, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis),Hormonal diseases, estrogen deficiencyAfter menopause, women lead to changes in joint tissue and their gradual destruction.
- Vascular Diseases(Atherosclerosis of lower limb blood vessels, occlusive endotitis, varicose veins) andHypoemiaThey cause circulation disorders in the surrounding tissues and insufficient blood supply to joint tissues, resulting in malnutrition changes.
Mechanisms of joint development
developjointIt begins with the destruction of cartilage.It is believed that at the beginning, blood circulation was violated in the capillaries in the periosteum corneal layer.Since the nutrition of the cartilage occurs due to the intake of nutrients from intra -articular fluid and adjacent bone tissue, the circuitry disruption leads to the fact that the cartilage gradually loses elasticity, becomes thinner, cracks appear on it, the smoothness of the artistic surfaces is disordered, the amount of synovial fluid in the joint is reduced.Pain and tightening during exercise.The width of the joint space gradually decreases, forming bones along the edges of the joint surface.Flesh spikes.
Eventually, the joint is deformed, where the amplitude of movement decreases.Therefore, the development of arthritis related to body aging involves.Over the years, the development of this form of joint form usually occurs gradually.
Other forms of arthritis in large joints, such as post-trauma, post-infection, metabolic, and poisoning, have several other development mechanisms, but as a result we will get similar changes in the joints.
Symptoms of arthritis.Joint stages and degrees
"Classic" is a classification of arthritis based on clinical and radiological characteristics.According to it, three stages of disease development are distinguished.It corresponds to the degree of maintenance of disability, which distinguishes the degree of 3 joints:
- My degree of arthritis - This disease doesn't stop the work, although it complicates it,
- II Arthropathy degree - This disease prevents performance of work,
- III Arthritis degree - loss of work ability.
Let's consider clinical symptoms and signs of joint disease at these stages in more detail
First-grade arthritis (the initial stage of arthritis)
In the initial stages of the disease in the morning, rest, stiffness, joint difficulty exercise gradually passes after the movement begins.There may be some limitations on joint mobility.Regularly "start" pain (pain when exercise begins after a prolonged rest).With rapid movement, the joints are sit-ups, but there is no pain during the exercise.Pain occurs only during joint stages, only significant and prolonged loads occur and will subside after rest.No pain alone, under low load.At this stage of the disease, doctors are rarely seen in patients.
In the X-ray picture, the first special change in the joint effect is not visible, and sometimes the small bone genus along the edge of the joint can be seen, with the joint space slightly narrowing.
2 degree arthritis (the second stage of arthritis)
As joint nature develops further, pain becomes more pronounced and acute features can be obtained.There is obvious tightening in the joint, any movement occurs, there is obvious limitation in the joint (contracting), shortening of the function of the limb, impaired biomechanics of the movement, but the joint mobility is still retained.This stage is characterized by a noticeable onset of pain, which becomes acute and longer.Under the influence of daytime physical activity, there is continuous fatigue, sensation of stress in the affected joints, which is caused by So's estimated "mechanical pain" due to the reduction of shock absorption function of articular cartilage tissue.
The damage to the joint is already very important, and the joint has been partially deformed.
On X-rays, obvious bone plants were seen, with 2-3 times narrowing of joint space compared to the standard, sclerosis of bone and formation of cystic cavity in epiphyseal area.
Second degree arthritis is characterized by a reduced ability to perform certain types of work.
Articular 3 degrees (the third stage of arthritis)
joint 3 degrees is the serious and neglected stage of the disease.At this stage, there are:
- significant deformation of joints (due to the growth of bones and accumulation of fluid in joint cavity);
- The sharp limit of the action until only the swing action is saved;
- Not only while moving, but in a state of complete rest – persistent pain associated with reflex spasms in nearby muscles and the development of reactive synovitis;
- Arthritis,
- The sensitivity of joints to weather changes.
- The muscles around the knees are annoying and atrophic.
The axis of the limbs is deformed, with obvious leg curvature (i.e., in the form of the letter "O" or "x".
In X-rays with a third joint, almost completely disappeared joint gaps, severe deformation of the joint surface, huge multiple areas of bone plants were observed.Calcification in joint mice and paratissue can be determined.
In 3 degrees, the disease has gone far and is usually the cause of persistent disability.As shown below:
- Pain becomes persistent and painful: walking, especially descending and climbing stairs - a difficult test for patients;
- It is very powerful to others when you are loud and urged in any movement;
- The deformation of the joint is strongly expressed, and movement is limited only by a smaller amplitude or even impossible;
These pictures show - damage to the intra-articular structures (ligaments and meniscus), as well as complete wear of the cartilage and signs of sclerosis (structures that replace functional organs and connective tissue).
Fourth degree arthritis
Complete destruction of jointsjoint, When the joints completely stop functioning, they are usually distinguished as -4 degree arthritis alone.There is one called "joint blockade" - an acute pain syndrome in which limited movement in the patient's joints is not even possible.The fourth degree of joint is accompanied by unbearable joint pain, which will not be cleared even with effective medications and enhanced physical therapy.It may be total methylalactia (joint fusion) or neomyos (formation of pseudo-joints between the ends of the skeletal displacement).In both cases, independent movement is nearly impossible.
In the picture, what is visible is rough hardening of the Sati surface with obvious cystic enlightenment, and the fusion of the connecting bones in the joint gap is visible.The development of the disease at this stage almost always means disability, which can only be prevented by implantation of artificial combined prosthesis.
Joint therapy
Treatment of arthritis in the initial stages of the disease
It is best to start treating the joints as early as possible, with the first sign of contraction in the joints and difficulty in exercise.At this stage, drugs are useful side protectors for improving cartilage structure as well as vitamin-mineral complexes.
Medical sports, proper nutrition and preventive measures are important.It should be noted that preventing arthritis is also very important to prevent the aggravation of this disease.
Arthritis 2-3 degrees
Although it is impossible to completely cure jointization of 2-3 degrees, its developmental process can be significantly inhibited.At this stage, the treatment of arthritis involves the following stages:
- Clear or reduce pain syndrome
- Remove inflammation in the joints.
- Improves recovery of cartilage and slows down the degeneration process therein.
In acute periods, treatment for arthritis begins with eliminating pain.To do this, non-hormonal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are used and analgesics are used.Intra-articular injections of corticosteroids may occur.It is necessary to reduce the load on the joints, you cannot walk or stand for a long time and lift heavy objects.
After removing acute pain syndrome, the main task is to ensure as much activation of recovery processes in joints and surrounding tissues: improvements in blood circulation, increased metabolism, and elimination of inflammatory processes.Prescription cartilage protectors, vascular phagocytosis drugs, and therapeutic exercises and physical therapy.
Joint treatment 4 degrees
At this stage of the disease, the joint is almost completely destroyed.In this case, there is still an outlet - manipulation and replacement of the diseased joint.The internal prosthesis significantly improves joint mobility, allowing the patient to at least eliminate pain.